Abstract
Luft and Ingham introduce the Johari window — a four-pane graphic model formed by crossing known/unknown to self with known/unknown to others — as a teaching tool for interpersonal awareness and group development. The name is a contraction of the authors’ first names (Joe and Harry).
Luft, J., & Ingham, H. (1955). Proceedings of the Western Training Laboratory in Group Development. UCLA.
Key findings
- Four panes — Open, Hidden, Blind spot, and Unknown, defined by what is known to self versus to others.
- Growth as movement — Disclosure shrinks the Hidden pane; feedback shrinks the Blind spot; the Unknown opens through reflection and new experience.
- A teaching device — Built for group training, not as a psychometric instrument.
When to open this
Open alongside Johari window for the original source of the four-pane model.