The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback i

Abstract

Kluger and DeNisi meta-analyse feedback interventions — feedback often helps performance, but too much or poorly timed feedback can hurt — especially when it threatens self-esteem.

Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996). Psychological Bulletin, 119(2), 254–284. DOI

Key findings

• Meta-analytic lift — On average feedback improves performance — but distribution matters.
• Backfire zone — Negative feedback on self-level cues can reduce effort.
• Timing and sign — Whether feedback helps or harms depends on focus — task vs self.
• Correction currency — Useful feedback targets the move, not the person’s worth.

Limits

Synthesis review — strong map for the field, not one fresh trial; use for orientation before primary studies.