Abstract
Process-focused mental simulations (studying effectively) improve performance via planning and reduced anxiety; outcome-focused simulations (getting the grade) are less effective for exam preparation (Pham & Taylor, 1999).
Pham, L. B., & Taylor, S. E. (1999). From thought to action: Effects of process-versus outcome-based mental simulations on performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(2), 250–260. DOI
Key findings
- Process simulation: — Mentally rehearse study behaviors and habits required for success.
- Outcome simulation: — Mentally rehearse desired end states (e.g., good grade).
Application
When before exams, rehearsing nightly review routines beats fantasising about an A grade — Pham and Taylor show process simulation drives studying and grades through planning and calm — open this cite for the study behind the move.